Can anyone point me to instructions on getting the tape in: Ken_Wellsch_v6
up and running on Supnik's Simulator? I have been trying some things, and
when it gives me the '=' prompt, anything i type makes the program freeze.
Any help would be appreciated.
*********************************
Alejandro Gonzalez
HPDRC Research Assistant
NASA Regional Application Center
agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu
*********************************
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Thu Jan 21 08:15:24 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Message-Id: <199901202215.JAA08028(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Subject: Re: UNIX V6.TAPE
In-Reply-To: <Pine.GSO.4.05.9901201708340.26596-100000(a)dizzy.cs.fiu.edu> from alejandro gonzalez at "Jan 20, 1999 5:10:51 pm"
To: agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu (alejandro gonzalez)
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 09:15:24 +1100 (EST)
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In article by alejandro gonzalez:
>
> Can anyone point me to instructions on getting the tape in: Ken_Wellsch_v6
> up and running on Supnik's Simulator? I have been trying some things, and
> when it gives me the '=' prompt, anything i type makes the program freeze.
>
> Any help would be appreciated.
Have a look at the 6th Edition installation instructions at:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/PUPS/Setup/v6_setup.html
Cheers,
Warren
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Thu Jan 21 08:47:37 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Message-Id: <199901202247.JAA08078(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Subject: Early UNIX dates
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au (Unix Heritage Society)
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 09:47:37 +1100 (EST)
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All,
After some reading though papers and books, I've come up with the
following brief timeline of very early UNIX development. I just thought
some of you might find it interesting.
Warren
Early dates of UNIX Development
As accurately as we can tell, anyway! References given where possible.
1969
Unknown: Ken creates `Space Travel'. It was first written on Multics,
then transliterated into Fortran for GECOS, then Ken and
Dennis rewrote Space Travel to run on the PDP-7
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]
Mid-year: Bell Labs withdraws from the Multics project
[QCU pg 8]
April, May, June: Ken is interested in writing a file system
[QCU pg 8]
Mid-year: Ken brings the file system to life on the PDP-7 in a month
[QCU pg 10]
Unknown: Ken develops the B language
[QCU pg 34],
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]
1970
Unknown: Peter Neumann coins the term `Unics', which is
subsequently changed to `Unix'
[QCU pg 9]
Unknown: Alternatively, Brian Kernighan suggests the name `Unix'
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]
Mid-year: The PDP-11/20 is purchased, with no disk drives
[QCU pg 35],
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]
3 months later: The disks arrive
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]
Unknown: Ken recodes the Unix kernel and some commands in PDP-11
assembly code
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]
1971
January-March: PDP-11 version largely rewritten during this period
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/notes.html]
February: PDP-11 Unix beccomes ``operational''
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]
Unknown: Dennis extends B to be NB
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]
Spring: roff rewritten in PDP-11 assembler language, starting from
the PDP-7 version that had been transliterated from
McIlroy's BCPL version on Multics, which had in turn been
inspired by J. Saltzer's runoff program on CTSS
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]
November: First Edition manuals were published
[QCU pg 43]
1972
January: The Labs issues a technical memorandum, written by Ken,
describing the B language on the PDP-11
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/kbman.html]
March: First manual for cc(1)
[QCU pg 48]
March: UNIX is running on at least 5 PDP-11/20s
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/notes.html]
June: DEC starts to ship the PDP-11/45. The Labs purchases one
sonn after this
[http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.pages/11model.html]
June: Second Edition manuals were published. 10 UNIX installations
[QCU pg 43]
Unknown: Ken adds pipes to the assembly-language version of the kernel
[QCU pg 51],
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]
1973
January: the `nsys' kernel in the PUPS archive, written in C
[timestamps on the files]
February: Third Edition manuals were published. 16 UNIX installations
[QCU pg 43]
Kernel is still the assembly-language version
[private email from dmr dated 7 Jan 1999]
September: The C version of the kernel is adopted over the
assembly-language version
[private email from dmr dated 18 Jan 1999]
October: First UNIX paper, presented by Ken at the Fourth
ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]
November: Fourth Edition manuals were published
[QCU pg 43]
1974
June: Fifth Edition manuals were published
[QCU pg 43]
July: Ken's SOSP published in Communications of the ACM, 17, No. 7
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]
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>From Greg Lehey <grog(a)lemis.com> Thu Jan 21 10:58:47 1999
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Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 11:28:47 +1030
From: Greg Lehey <grog(a)lemis.com>
To: Mike Jenkins <mjenkins(a)carp.gbr.epa.gov>
Cc: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au, wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: Re: Old pic of ken and dmr
Message-ID: <19990121112846.N15785(a)freebie.lemis.com>
References: <199901200346.OAA06481(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> <199901201649.KAA08238(a)carp.gbr.epa.gov>
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On Wednesday, 20 January 1999 at 10:49:27 -0600, Mike Jenkins wrote:
>> http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/PUPS/Images/ken-and-den.jpg
>
> There is a smaller (26K) gif version on the following page:
>
> http://www.lucent.com/museum/1969unix.html
>
> The URL for the gif is:
>
> http://www.lucent.com/museum/images/1950/1969rt.gif
The original .jpeg could do with re-saving; with xv you can get it
down to 10% of the original volume.
Greg
--
See complete headers for address, home page and phone numbers
finger grog(a)lemis.com for PGP public key
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>From alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu> Thu Jan 21 11:28:31 1999
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Date: Wed, 20 Jan 1999 20:28:31 -0500 (EST)
From: alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu>
To: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au
cc: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: Re: UNIX V6.TAPE
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I have been following these instructions, the problem comes up when I
get the '=' prompt. I type: "tmrk", it just freezes.
Thanks for the help,
Alex
*********************************
Alejandro Gonzalez
HPDRC Research Assistant
NASA Regional Application Center
agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu
*********************************
On Thu, 21 Jan 1999, Warren Toomey wrote:
> In article by alejandro gonzalez:
> >
> > Can anyone point me to instructions on getting the tape in: Ken_Wellsch_v6
> > up and running on Supnik's Simulator? I have been trying some things, and
> > when it gives me the '=' prompt, anything i type makes the program freeze.
> >
> > Any help would be appreciated.
>
> Have a look at the 6th Edition installation instructions at:
>
> http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/PUPS/Setup/v6_setup.html
>
> Cheers,
> Warren
>
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Thu Jan 21 13:50:59 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
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Subject: Re: UNIX V6.TAPE
In-Reply-To: <Pine.GSO.4.05.9901202027130.10646-100000(a)sdb1.cs.fiu.edu> from alejandro gonzalez at "Jan 20, 1999 8:28:31 pm"
To: agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu (alejandro gonzalez)
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 14:50:59 +1100 (EST)
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In article by alejandro gonzalez:
>
> Can anyone point me to instructions on getting the tape in: Ken_Wellsch_v6
> up and running on Supnik's Simulator? I have been trying some things, and
> when it gives me the '=' prompt, anything i type makes the program freeze.
>
> I have been following these instructions, the problem comes up when I
> get the '=' prompt. I type: "tmrk", it just freezes.
The 6th Ed installation instructions say: The tape contains 12100 512-byte
records followed by a single file mark. Have you made the tape image for
Bob Supnik's emulator to match this, and what configuration file are you
giving to the emulator?
Thanks,
Warren
P.S You can use the RK05 disk image in
Distributions/research/Dennis_v6/v6root.gz, or the RL02 image in
Bootable_Images/v6_rl02_unknown.gz,
unless you really do want to install V6 from tape.
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>From Tom Ivar Helbekkmo <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO> Thu Jan 21 15:23:56 1999
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To: alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu>
Cc: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au, pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: Re: UNIX V6.TAPE
References: <Pine.GSO.4.05.9901202027130.10646-100000(a)sdb1.cs.fiu.edu>
From: Tom Ivar Helbekkmo <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO>
Date: 21 Jan 1999 06:23:56 +0100
In-Reply-To: alejandro gonzalez's message of "Wed, 20 Jan 1999 20:28:31 -0500 (EST)"
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alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu> writes:
> I have been following these instructions, the problem comes up when
> I get the '=' prompt. I type: "tmrk", it just freezes.
You're following the wrong instructions. :-) Or, at least, you're
taking them too literally. You're trying to use the tape the way it
would be done on a real machine, but it's much easier to just split it
into disk images under the host UNIX. Looking in my V6 directory,
I've got a text file containing something that I believe Warren wrote,
in a text file accompanying the tape image:
"This is a copy of the Sixth Edition distribution tape which was sent
to me by Ken Wellsch. The file v6.tape.gz is the tape image, with the
first 100 512-byte tape blocks containing tape bootstrap stuff. Blocks
100 - 4099 are the RK05 root image, blocks 4100 - 8099 are the /usr
RK05 image, and the blocks 8100 - 12099 are the /doc RK05 image."
So what I did with that tape, for Bob Supnik's PDP-11 simulator, was
to run these commands under the host UNIX:
% gunzip v6.tape.gz
% dd if=v6.tape of=v6.root.rk05 count=4000 skip=100
% dd if=v6.tape of=v6.usr.rk05 count=4000 skip=4100
% dd if=v6.tape of=v6.doc.rk05 count=4000 skip=8100
Then, I made a script file for the simulator:
% cat > v6.script
attach rk0 V6.root.rk05
attach rk1 V6.usr.rk05
attach rk2 V6.doc.rk05
boot rk0
^d
%
...and finally, I run the resulting system, thus:
% pdp11 v6.script
PDP-11 simulator V2.3
@unix
login:
I may have had to modify something in the actual UNIX V6 system to
mount rk1 and rk2 properly -- I don't recall. You'll figure it out.
Anyway, the system runs like a charm, and I've successfully rebuilt
the kernel from sources on it. Fun!
Good luck!
-tih
--
Popularity is the hallmark of mediocrity. --Niles Crane, "Frasier"
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To: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au
Cc: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au (Unix Heritage Society)
Subject: Re: Old pic of ken and dmr
References: <199901200346.OAA06481(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
From: Tom Ivar Helbekkmo <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO>
Date: 21 Jan 1999 06:28:07 +0100
In-Reply-To: Warren Toomey's message of "Wed, 20 Jan 1999 14:46:41 +1100 (EST)"
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Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> writes:
> Patrick Regan, from Bell Labs, has sent in a 2M jpg of
> Ken and Dennis at the console of a PDP-11/20, around 1970.
That's neat! I've got a very good print of it here (that huge Epson
color inkjet printer we bought at work really does a good job with the
expensive "photo quality" paper in it), and will frame it and hang it
on the wall of my basement machine room in my home. However (and my
ignorance is showing now, I know) who is whom in the picture?
-tih
--
Popularity is the hallmark of mediocrity. --Niles Crane, "Frasier"
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>From "emanuel stiebler" <emu(a)ecubics.com> Fri Jan 22 01:19:45 1999
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To: <wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au>, "Tom Ivar Helbekkmo" <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO>
Cc: "Unix Heritage Society" <pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au>
Subject: Re: Old pic of ken and dmr
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 08:19:45 -0700
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Hi,
----------
> From: Tom Ivar Helbekkmo <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO>
> To: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au
> Cc: Unix Heritage Society <pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au>
> Subject: Re: Old pic of ken and dmr
> Date: Wednesday, January 20, 1999 10:28 PM
> on the wall of my basement machine room in my home. However (and my
> ignorance is showing now, I know) who is whom in the picture?
Dennis is the one with the glasses & beart ... ;-))
cheers,
emu
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>From alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu> Fri Jan 22 03:14:02 1999
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Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 12:14:02 -0500 (EST)
From: alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu>
To: Tom Ivar Helbekkmo <tih(a)Hamartun.Priv.NO>
cc: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au, pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: Re: UNIX V6.TAPE
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Thanks a lot. It works now.
*********************************
Alejandro Gonzalez
HPDRC Research Assistant
NASA Regional Application Center
agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu
*********************************
On 21 Jan 1999, Tom Ivar Helbekkmo wrote:
> alejandro gonzalez <agonza24(a)cs.fiu.edu> writes:
>
> > I have been following these instructions, the problem comes up when
> > I get the '=' prompt. I type: "tmrk", it just freezes.
>
> You're following the wrong instructions. :-) Or, at least, you're
> taking them too literally. You're trying to use the tape the way it
> would be done on a real machine, but it's much easier to just split it
> into disk images under the host UNIX. Looking in my V6 directory,
> I've got a text file containing something that I believe Warren wrote,
> in a text file accompanying the tape image:
>
> "This is a copy of the Sixth Edition distribution tape which was sent
> to me by Ken Wellsch. The file v6.tape.gz is the tape image, with the
> first 100 512-byte tape blocks containing tape bootstrap stuff. Blocks
> 100 - 4099 are the RK05 root image, blocks 4100 - 8099 are the /usr
> RK05 image, and the blocks 8100 - 12099 are the /doc RK05 image."
>
> So what I did with that tape, for Bob Supnik's PDP-11 simulator, was
> to run these commands under the host UNIX:
>
> % gunzip v6.tape.gz
> % dd if=v6.tape of=v6.root.rk05 count=4000 skip=100
> % dd if=v6.tape of=v6.usr.rk05 count=4000 skip=4100
> % dd if=v6.tape of=v6.doc.rk05 count=4000 skip=8100
>
> Then, I made a script file for the simulator:
>
> % cat > v6.script
> attach rk0 V6.root.rk05
> attach rk1 V6.usr.rk05
> attach rk2 V6.doc.rk05
> boot rk0
> ^d
> %
>
> ...and finally, I run the resulting system, thus:
>
> % pdp11 v6.script
> PDP-11 simulator V2.3
> @unix
> login:
>
> I may have had to modify something in the actual UNIX V6 system to
> mount rk1 and rk2 properly -- I don't recall. You'll figure it out.
>
> Anyway, the system runs like a charm, and I've successfully rebuilt
> the kernel from sources on it. Fun!
>
> Good luck!
>
> -tih
> --
> Popularity is the hallmark of mediocrity. --Niles Crane, "Frasier"
>
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>From "Erin W. Corliss" <erin(a)coffee.corliss.net> Fri Jan 22 04:26:54 1999
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Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 10:26:54 -0800 (PST)
From: "Erin W. Corliss" <erin(a)coffee.corliss.net>
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: here's a dumb question
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OK, so I was at my ISP the other day and after a talk with the owner I
walked home with a bunch of pieces from a microvax II, which I used to
completely pimp out my PDP-11/73... One of the new pieces is a hard
drive, which allows me to write assembly code with the RSTS/E Macro
Assembler, write them to the hard drive, and boot the system up in
non-RSTSish ways...
I'm new to PDP-11 assembly language, however, and I don't have a really
complete manual... The general purpose registers are all 16 bits.
Addresses stored in these registers can only point to the first 32K words
of memory. My PDP has a 512K words of memory. The only reference I've
seen to this problem was one sentence in one of my manuals that says the
rest of the memory can be addressed through "memory management". When it
says this, does it mean that there is a separate memory management unit
that I have to control to flip between pages or banks of memory, or are
there extended registers in the CPU itself that allow me to do this? I
crashed the machine the other day and I noticed that the monitor listed
some registers that started with M... Could that be what these are for?
(The computer claims to have 22-bit addressing, BTW.)
-- Erin Corliss
Some answers to Warren's queries:
mknod(II) first shows up in the Fourth Edition; the manual entry is dated
8/5/73. (That having been typed in the US, presumably it means 5 Aug 1973.)
getgid(II) shows in the same manual, but with an older date: 3/15/72.
This is also the edition in which the documentation for stat(II) first
admits a group ID as well as a user ID.
Both my hazy memory (made worse by lack of sleep right now) and the clues
in the manual suggest that 3e/4e was the period when the system was rewritten
in C; e.g. 4e is the first to show C interfaces in section II, complete with
structs as well as pure byte-offset descriptions for objects like that filled
in by stat, though the structs are nameless, presumably because there were no
standard header files yet. Evidently the file system upheaval occurred in
the same period.
Reading the description of the 3e file system, I see it has been too long since
I've read it. A summary:
Blocks 0 and 1 are the super-block, consisting of
size of free-storage bitmap
the map itself
size of free-i-node map
the map itself
Block 2 begins the i-list; data blocks follow.
I-nodes 1-40 are reserved for special (device) files,
and don't appear in the map. I-node 41 is the root.
I-nodes have flags, a link count, a userid, a 16-bit
size, creation and modification times, and eight block
pointers. Flag bits inclode `allocated', `large file'
(the pointers are to indirect blocks), read and write
permissions for user and other, set-userid, a single
`executable' flag, a `directory' flag (if clear, regular
file).
BUGS
Two blocks are not enough to handle the i- and free-
storage maps for an RP02 disk pack, which contains
around 10 million words.
The 4e file system is more or less that in the more-familiar V6 system:
Block 0 reserved for boot block
Block 1 is the super-block: file-system and i-list sizes,
caches of free block and i-node numbers. The free-block
list is now the familiar chain of blocks list free block
numbers; the free-inode list is abolished because the
i-nodes all have `allocated' flags anyway.
Block 2 begins the i-list. I-node 1 is the root.
I-nodes differ from 3e in having a group ID,a 24-bit
size, access time instead of creation time; the `directory'
flag becomes a two-bit `file type' flag; group permissions
appear, there are three separate `executable' flags, and
set-group-ID appears.
No BUGS yet, perhaps because the code was new.
Notice how history repeats: 4e replaced the free-block bitmap with
a list, which made it simpler to cope with huge file systems but
harder to allocate blocks in a simpler order; sundry replacement
file systems in the early 1980s (Berkeley FFS, Weinberger's cheap
hacks in V8) restored the bitmap, because it's easier to pick a good
block when you can see all the blocks available, and because by then
computers had enough memory and disks were big enough that a large
bitmap wasn't a burden.
An anecdote may be (barely) relevant here. I remember once in the
late 1980s having a chat with Lee McMahon about group IDs, and how
they didn't seem to have done quite what people wanted (hence the
multiple-groups-per-process stuff in most current systems, and the
special semantics for the set-group-id flag on directories, and
various other features that have seemed to me never to quite hit
the mark). Lee told me that when Ken first put group IDs into the
system, he asked Ken what they were for. Ken allegedly shrugged
and said `I dunno.'
Norman Wilson
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>From Mike Jenkins <mjenkins(a)carp.gbr.epa.gov> Thu Jan 21 02:49:27 1999
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From: Mike Jenkins <mjenkins(a)carp.gbr.epa.gov>
Message-Id: <199901201649.KAA08238(a)carp.gbr.epa.gov>
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au
Subject: Re: Old pic of ken and dmr
Cc: wkt(a)cs.adfa.oz.au
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> http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/PUPS/Images/ken-and-den.jpg
There is a smaller (26K) gif version on the following page:
http://www.lucent.com/museum/1969unix.html
The URL for the gif is:
http://www.lucent.com/museum/images/1950/1969rt.gif
Mike
In article by Eric Fischer:
> Congratulations on getting the nsys kernel running! I have
> a couple of random comments on what you posted to the list:
>
> > Syscalls in `nsys' but not in V5:
> > ---------------------------------
> > 1, &quit, /* 26 = quit */
> > 1, &intr, /* 27 = intr */
> > 1, &cemt, /* 29 = cemt */
> > 1, &ilgins, /* 33 = ilgins */
> > 1, &fpe, /* 40 = fpe */
> >
> > These deliver signals QUIT, INTR, EMT, INS or FPE
> > to the pid in arg0. Any user can send these signals.
>
> I think this is backwards -- these system calls don't deliver
> signals, they trap them. That is, they're the predecessors
> of signal(), not kill().
Eric is quite correct, and I realised this after reading some comments
on the V2 kernel. The nsys kernel also has a sig() system call which
allows a process to trap an arbitrary signal. This is why the syscalls
above were removed: there was a more general system call available.
>
> > Syscalls in V5 but not in `nsys':
> > ---------------------------------
> > 0, &getpid, /* 20 = getpid */
> > 1, &smdate, /* 30 = smdate */
> > 0, &nice, /* 34 = nice */
> > 0, &pipe, /* 42 = pipe */ !!!
> > 4, &profil, /* 44 = prof */
>
> This part seems really weird. Since it has fpe() but not nice() and
> pipe(), that would have to mean it's somewhere intermediate between
> v2 and v3, at least if the details in Doug McIlroy's "Research Unix
> Reader" are all accurate. And I *really* don't understand why there
> would be space reserved in the system call table for nice and pipe
> but no implementations of the functions.
>
> The other weird part is that McIlroy says that smdate() was in v1
> through v3 but disappeared after that. I don't have the v5 kernel
> source at hand right now, so I can't check up on that, but it's
> strange that smdate should be missing here if this is an early v3.
>
> Actually, on further inspection this must be a *late* v3, since it
> has mknod(), getgid(), and setgid(), which aren't supposed to have
> shown up until v4. (No signal(), though, so it's not quite v4.)
> That's still very odd that pipes would be left out, unless this
> version was crunched to run in an especially small memory or something.
>
> And yet, v3 was supposed to have been released in February, 1973, and
> this is earlier than that, so what are any v4 features doing there at
> all? This just gets stranger and stranger...
> eric
I've had some chat with Dennis about this kernel, and how it fitted into
development. The summary is: Ken tried to rewrite the assembly version of
the kernel in B (or NB) in 1972, but gave up because structures didn't
exist. Once B -> NB -> C and got structures, they tried again. Apparently,
the `new' kernel (aka nsys) was developed in parallel with the `old'
assembly kernel during early to mid-1973. Then, Dennis says:
I'm pretty sure that we didn't adopt [the C version of the kernel]
as the standard "production" system until about September 1973.
It is very likely that the real "sys" was still in assembler.
Pipes were probably added first to [the sys] version, given the
evidence in "nsys."
Dennis also says:
During 1972, Ken finally puts pipes into Unix at McIlroy's urging.
which would explain why there is a reserved syscall in `nsys', but no
code as yet.
I can't explain the existence of the mknod(), getgid(), and setgid()
system calls. Norman and Bob Keys, I think one/both of you have got the
old manuals, can you look through them and find out when these syscalls
appeared?
Cheers all,
Warren
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Wed Jan 20 13:46:41 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Message-Id: <199901200346.OAA06481(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Subject: Old pic of ken and dmr
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au (Unix Heritage Society)
Date: Wed, 20 Jan 1999 14:46:41 +1100 (EST)
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All,
Patrick Regan, from Bell Labs, has sent in a 2M jpg of
Ken and Dennis at the console of a PDP-11/20, around 1970. It's at:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/PUPS/Images/ken-and-den.jpg
Ciao,
Warren
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Dear PUPS/TUHS members,
I have just uploaded James Lothian's /usr/src tarball. You can find it in the
Distributions/4bsd/thirdparty/UWisc4.3/James_Lothian_mods directory in the PUPS
archive.
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Phone: 440-449-0299
ARPA Internet SMTP mail: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu
Dear PUPS/TUHS members,
I have just uploaded the distribution images for the University of Winconsin's
hacked 4.3BSD contributed by James Lothian. You can find them in the
Distributions/4bsd/thirdparty/UWisc4.3 directory in the PUPS archive.
I haven't uploaded James' own changed /usr/src yet, will probably do it later
at night.
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Phone: 440-449-0299
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Tue Jan 19 12:08:22 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Message-Id: <199901190208.NAA02324(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Subject: Co-authors for Unix history paper?
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au (Unix Heritage Society)
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1999 13:08:22 +1100 (EST)
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Hi all,
I recently approached the IEEE Annals of Computing History journal
to see if they would be interested in a paper on our efforts to find and
preserve the old versions of Unix. They said yes, so I was wondering if
anybody might want to be co-author. This is what I suggested:
> I'd like to write an article which describes the efforts to find and
> preserve historical material which is related to UNIX. This includes
> finding tapes, reading them, decoding their formats etc.
>
> The article would also discuss the mechanisms available for running
> these old UNIX systems: by using old hardware (and the difficulties
> of maintaining such equipment), by using software emulators (and
> possibly a discussion of what they provide).
>
> In other words, the actual history of UNIX and its influence would not
> be covered, but the `archaeology' and preservation of artifacts from
> the early days of UNIX would be.
Given that there are people on the list who deal with old hardware, reading
ancient tapes, etc., I thought they might like to add some input to the
paper.
I think the paper size is limited to around 25-30 pages, and has be formal
in tone. If anybody has any suggestions as to what should go in (or even
wants to write a section), then I would welcome some email!
Cheers all,
Warren
P.S I'm giving a similar, but much more informal, paper at a local
conference next month. The paper is at:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Seminars/Saving_Unix/
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Dear PUPS/TUHS members,
I have just finished SCCS-reconstructing /usr/src/sys. Amazingly (and to CSRG's
credit) the history has been preserved very well, and I have SCCS-recostructed
almost every file in the kernel. There are only a few lost SCCS files. For the
list see:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Quasijarus/sccs.html
If you know anything about these files, please contact me ASAP!
Also when I SCCS-reconstructed the /usr/src/sys/tahoe* subdirs, I had to take a
step back. In the currently shipping release, 4.3BSD-Quasijarus0, these subdirs
are identical to the ones on the 4.3BSD-Tahoe+HCX-9 tape. However, in the
current master source tree they have been stepped back to the original
4.3BSD-Tahoe tape. For the explanation of this decision, see:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Quasijarus/arch.html
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Cellular phone: 216-217-2579
ARPA Internet SMTP mail: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Fri Jan 15 13:51:04 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Message-Id: <199901150351.OAA21707(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
Subject: Success in Compiling Nsys Kernel
To: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au (Unix Heritage Society)
Date: Fri, 15 Jan 1999 14:51:04 +1100 (EST)
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All,
After several days of frustration and enlightenment, I have been
able to compile and boot the `nsys' kernel source code on top of a 5th
Edition RK05 root filesystem.
The `nsys' kernel code corresponds to a time around the 3rd Edition of UNIX,
i.e. Jan 1973. Dennis Ritchie donated this to the PUPS Archive a few days ago.
I have placed the modifications to `nsys', plus some documentation, in the
PUPS Archive in Distributions/research/Dennis_v3.
Cheers all,
Warren
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>From Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au> Fri Jan 15 15:20:12 1999
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From: Warren Toomey <wkt(a)henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
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Subject: Re: Success in Compiling Nsys Kernel
In-Reply-To: <01be4045$e3b28080$f2681081(a)collinse-home.tyson.com> from Efton Collins at "Jan 14, 1999 11: 8:35 pm"
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In article by Efton Collins:
> I wonder how long it has been since that version of the kernel ran? Could be
> 25 years. Surely that will now be the earliest bootable kernel bar none. It
> must give Ken and Dennis a smile.
>
> It is nice to see such interesting things continue to find their way into
> the archive. With the help of so many of the pioneers PUPS is fulfilling its
> charter very well indeed.
>
> E-
Hi Efton. I had been keeping Dennis informed of my progress, and a few
days ago he passed on some email from Bob Keys:
[Dennis wrote:]
Keys said (when I mentioned your tries)
> Ohhh, neato! Let us keep fingers crossed, knock on wood 3 times,
> cow-tow as appropriate, rub the rabbit's foot, throw salt before
> the sumo ring, .... and anything else?.....(:+}}....
Dennis then went on to suggest some debugging ideas, when I was stuck:
Astonishing. When booting it might be best to start
with an init that just does
open(something);
open(something);
write(1, "Hello\n", 6);
It might even be appropriate to try first with just abort();
to see if /etc/init can be read,
He must be out today, because I haven't got a reply back from my email
indicating success.
The `nsys' files were dated Jan 22, 1973. I definitely wanted to get the
kernel working by Jan 22, 1999 so that it was only 25 years ago, not 26!
I've also made some notes about the differences between `nsys' and V5,
attached below. Thanks for your encouraging email.
Cheers,
Warren
Differences in available syscalls between `nsys' and V5.
========================================================
Syscalls in `nsys' but not in V5:
---------------------------------
1, &quit, /* 26 = quit */
1, &intr, /* 27 = intr */
1, &cemt, /* 29 = cemt */
1, &ilgins, /* 33 = ilgins */
1, &fpe, /* 40 = fpe */
These deliver signals QUIT, INTR, EMT, INS or FPE
to the pid in arg0. Any user can send these signals.
0, &prproc /* 63 = special */
For each of the 50 entries in the proc array, if there is
a valid process entry there, print the array index and the
following fields from the proc structure:
p_stat, p_flag, p_pid, p_ppid,
p_addr, p_size, p_wchan, p_textp
Syscalls in V5 but not in `nsys':
---------------------------------
0, &getpid, /* 20 = getpid */
1, &smdate, /* 30 = smdate */
0, &nice, /* 34 = nice */
0, &pipe, /* 42 = pipe */ !!!
4, &profil, /* 44 = prof */
Other Differences
-----------------
/* 21 = mount */ has 2 arguments in `nsys', 3 in V5
/* 37 = kill */ has 0 arguments in `nsys', 1 in V5
Dear PUPS/TUHS members,
I have finally updated the Quasijarus Project WWW page so that now it's much
more useful. You can find it at:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Quasijarus/
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Cellular phone: 216-217-2579
ARPA Internet SMTP mail: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu
Kirk McKusick <mckusick(a)McKusick.COM> wrote:
> I applaud your desire not to break old 4.2/4.3 machines.
> I would be very resistant to losing support for a popular
> machine like the 11/750. However, I think that losing support
> for the 11/730 would be acceptable.
You are not the first person I hear this from, and I wouldn't completely
disagree. However, it always pains me very much when a system really ought to
run on a machine and has all the necessary ingredients, but fails because of
some tiny nit. This is exactly the case here. The CPU is supported, the console
storage device is supported, all bootstrap scripts are already written, even
the IDC is supported, but the standalone programs refuse to load because of a
ucode botch!
Now, I did look more carefully, and the boot.730 program does fit into 12.5 KB
after all in 4.2 and 4.3 (copy.730 fits in 4.2 but not in 4.3, and format.730
doesn't fit even in 4.2). So I guess it would be possible after all to massage
up the Makefile and the ifdefing in the sources to make the 4.3-Quasijarus
standalone system build a small boot.730.
However, the objections to this approach are:
1. Instead of tidying up the standalone system, this would make it an even
worse mess.
2. In future Quasijarus releases I plan to retire the current standalone
drivers for U/Q and BI MSCP and make the standalone system call DEC's own
VMB for I/O from/to all MSCP devices, making it possible to support MSCP on
more than just U/Q and BI. However, this means that all big VAX users with
MSCP disks will now need a copy of DEC's VMB.EXE in addition to UNIX's
native boot code. It will also have to be a recent enough version, and I'm
sure as hell that the version that came with 11/730 is too old. A newer
version of VMB can be pulled out of almost any VMS or Ultrix distribution,
but the one I have seen was 40 KB long. Thus even if I manage to make a
boot.730 that fits within 12.5 KB, you would still need the 40 KB VMB.EXE if
your disk is RAxx (the most common type), and this obviously makes boot.730
squeezing an exercise in futility.
Resolution: I will pitch the *.730 programs and add a note to the documentation
that installation on a 730 requires a ucode upgrade that fixes this botch. If
someone asks me where to obtain one (or how to write one if it doesn't exist),
I'll redirect them to this list, as I have no idea. :-)
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Cellular phone: 216-217-2579
ARPA Internet SMTP mail: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu
Dear PUPS/TUHS members,
I wonder if any of you has some input on this issue. As I'm preparing for
making my planned disk labeling improvements (making it possible to install the
system on a fresh unlabeled disk in a more or less straightforward way), I
first want to clean up some mess in the standalone system. One thing that
annoys me in there is that for every standalone program that's supposed to go
on the console media there are two versions built, a normal one and a "730"
one. The comments say that 11/730 has a microcode botch that prevents it from
loading programs larger than 12.5 KB, so supposedly all "730" standalone
programs must be smaller than that. However, right now all standalone programs
are around 30 KB, and the difference between the normal and "730" versions is
only about 3 KB, even though the "730" versions do have the MASSBUS and BI code
compiled out. Wondering if there is a way to make them smaller, I looked at
older versions, and guess what, even in 4.2 the "730" versions are a little bit
over the alleged 12.5 KB limit! That's right, 4.2BSD is the first release with
11/730 support, and its standalone programs are already over the alleged 11/730
microcode limit!
This raises quite a few questions. First of all, does the 11/730 microcode
really have this limitation, or is it just a hoax? If this limit does exist,
when exactly does it apply? The BSD distribution TU58 cassette always used the
full versions of the programs, not the "730" ones (the distribution cassette is
also used for 750s), and yet apparently 730s could be bootstrapped from it.
Maybe this limitation applies only to automatic bootstrap and not to manual
loading? And if this is indeed a microcode botch, are there any patches
available for it?
I would appreciate it if someone here can provide some answers to these
questions. I would really like to get rid of those "730" standalone programs,
but I can't do it if this would break 11/730 support. (It's my responsibility
as the 4.3BSD-* maintainer to only add features, but never break anything that
works in plain 4.3 or 4.2.)
Sincerely,
Michael Sokolov
Cellular phone: 216-217-2579
ARPA Internet SMTP mail: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu
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>From Kirk McKusick <mckusick(a)mckusick.com> Wed Jan 13 06:18:13 1999
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To: mxs46(a)k2.scl.cwru.edu (Michael Sokolov)
Subject: Re: 11/730 question
cc: pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au
In-reply-to: Your message of "Tue, 12 Jan 1999 18:18:35 EST."
<199901122318.SAA04873(a)skybridge.scl.cwru.edu>
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1999 12:18:13 -0800
From: Kirk McKusick <mckusick(a)mckusick.com>
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I applaud your desire not to break old 4.2/4.3 machines.
I would be very resistant to losing support for a popular
machine like the 11/750. However, I think that losing support
for the 11/730 would be acceptable. It was a very feeble
processor (0.3 of a 780) and very few of them were ever sold.
We had only one at Berkeley (for porting purposes), and it was
so slow that we were not even able to pawn it off on the
undergrad CS organization when we were done with it.
Kirk
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G'day all...
I have a DEC-PRO/350.
I believe it is a PDP8.
Is there any way of confirming this?
Thanks.
Michael.
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>From "emanuel stiebler" <emu(a)ecubics.com> Wed Jan 13 00:26:39 1999
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From: "emanuel stiebler" <emu(a)ecubics.com>
To: "BeLFrY" <belfry(a)nsw.bigpond.net.au>,
"\"\\\"PUPs\\\" PDP11 Unix Preservation group\"" <pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au>
Subject: Re: Confirming machine hardware.
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1999 07:26:39 -0700
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Hi Michael,
----------
> From: BeLFrY <belfry(a)nsw.bigpond.net.au>
> To: "\"PUPs\" PDP11 Unix Preservation group" <pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au>
> Subject: Confirming machine hardware.
> Date: Monday, January 11, 1999 11:34 PM
> I have a DEC-PRO/350.
which is nice ;-))
> I believe it is a PDP8.
> Is there any way of confirming this?
Sorry, there is no way to confirm this ;-)) (sorry, couldn't resist)
the nearest "brother" of the pro/350 would be the pdp11/23, pdp11//23+ or
pdp11/24, because the use the same CPU. (DCF11)
hope it helps,
emanuel
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>From Johnny Billquist <bqt(a)Update.UU.SE> Wed Jan 13 05:43:04 1999
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Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1999 20:43:04 +0100 (MET)
From: Johnny Billquist <bqt(a)Update.UU.SE>
To: BeLFrY <belfry(a)nsw.bigpond.net.au>
cc: "\"\\\"PUPs\\\" PDP11 Unix Preservation group\"" <pups(a)minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au>
Subject: Re: Confirming machine hardware.
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On Tue, 12 Jan 1999, BeLFrY wrote:
> G'day all...
Hi there.
> I have a DEC-PRO/350.
>
> I believe it is a PDP8.
>
> Is there any way of confirming this?
No.
However I can confirm that it is a pdp-11.
Johnny
Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus
|| on a psychedelic trip
email: bqt(a)update.uu.se || Reading murder books
pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol
